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NOTE: Since 2009 the title of the International Journal of Entrepreneurship Education (IJEE) has been changed to the title above. ISSN numbers: IJEE 1649-2269 and IRE 2009-2822
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ISSN Number: 2009-2822. Frequency: 4 Issues per year (online only)
Article #1536 - Self-Employed Individuals With and Without Employees: Individual, Social and Economic Level Differences
IRE Vol 14: Issue 3, 2016 , Pages
Author(s): Maria Petrescu (Nova Southeastern University, H. Wayne Huizenga College of Business and Entrepreneurship, Florida, USA)
Abstract:
This paper focuses on the differences between solo self-employed individuals and self-employed persons that hire employees, in terms of individual, social and economic variables. The study is based on Dyer’s (1994) model of entrepreneurial careers and Schwartz’ (1992, 1994) values inventory and uses data from Wave 7 of the European Social Survey released in 2016. The analysis found that, compared to solo self-employed, self-employed individuals with employees have higher scores regarding their need for power values, i.e., they attach higher importance to achieving high social status and prestige, authority, wealth, and a positive public image. Moreover, the level of overall happiness is higher for self-employed with employees, even when controlling for their higher incomes. On the other hand, entrepreneurs attaching a high importance to self-direction (including job autonomy) were more often found to be working on their own (i.e., solo self-employed)
Keywords: self-employed, entrepreneurs, need for achievement, need for power, need for self-direction