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NOTE: Since 2009 the title of the International Journal of Entrepreneurship Education (IJEE) has been changed to the title above. ISSN numbers: IJEE 1649-2269 and IRE 2009-2822
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ISSN Number: 2009-2822. Frequency: 4 Issues per year (online only)
#1577 - Schumpeterian Entrepreneurship in Europe Compared to Other Industrialized Regions. (Note: This Paper is an Open Access Free Download)
IRE Vol 16: Issue 2, 2018 , Pages
Author(s): Magnus Henrekson (Research Institute of Industrial Economics IFN, Stockholm, Sweden), Tino Sanandaji (Institute for Economic and Business History Research EHFF, Stockholm School of Economics, Sweden)
Abstract:
Cross-country comparisons of entrepreneurship are difficult due to the lack of standard empirical definitions of entrepreneurship. Measures focusing on small business activity and self-employment suggest that Europe has the same or higher rates of entrepreneurship than the U.S. and East Asia. However, most business activity is not entrepreneurial in the Schumpeterian sense. We rely on empirical measures that more closely tally Schumpeterian entrepreneurship: self-made dollar billionaires per capita who earned their wealth by creating firms, top global firms founded in recent decades, unicorn startups, and VC investment as a share of GDP. Western Europe is shown to underperform in all four measures of high-impact Schumpeterian entrepreneurship relative to the U.S. Once we account for Europe's strong performance in technological innovation, an 'entrepreneurship deficit' relative to East Asia also becomes apparent. This underperformance is missed by most standard measures. Finally, we also find that China performs surprisingly well in Schumpeterian entrepreneurship, especially compared to Eastern Europe.
JEL Codes: L5; M13; O31; P14
Keywords: billionaire entrepreneurs, innovation, institutions, regulation, Schumpeterian entrepreneurship, self-employment
NOTE: THIS PAPER IS AN OPEN ACCESS FREE DOWNLOAD. TO DOWNLOAD, GO TO THE INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP (IRE) TAB ON THE LEFT HAND SIDE OF THIS PAGE AND SELECT OPEN ACCESS ARTICLES - FREE DOWNLOAD IN THE DROP DOWN MENU
